Nursing Refugee Women - Free Essay Example

Australia has a large and expanding population of people from a refugee background à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" referred to as refugees. Refugees in general, and refugee women in particular, have distinctive and diverse health needs which require complex and conscientious responses from nurses and health systems. In the context of nursing refugee women in Australia, this paper will explore the need for cultural safety in nursing. It will then analyse the negative impacts of culturally unsafe nursing practices and health systems in Australia on refugees and refugee women. Finally, it will discuss how culturally safe nursing practice can (and should) be achieved in Australia to improve the health outcomes of refugee women and others of diverse backgrounds. The Nursing Council of New Zealand (2002: p. 7), which developed the concept of cultural safety, defines it as the effective nursing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [care] of a person or family from another culture, [as] determined by that person or family. Fundamentally, culturally safe nursing practice focuses on supporting diverse people to effectively access and engage with mainstream biomedical health systems, and so reducing the high rates of poor physical and psychological mental health outcomes in these populations (Johnstone Kanitsaki, 2007). Culturally safe nursing practice achieves this by attempting to deconstruct the inequitable power relationships between p atients and health providers and systems, which are a significant barrier to health access and engagement for socio-culturally vulnerably groups (Anderson et al., 2003; Woods, 2010). This is achieved through a focus on culture. However, culturally safe practice does not involve nurses learning others cultures; indeed, diversity both between and among cultures is too significant to allow a nurse to do this meaningfully (Woods, 2010). Instead, culturally safe nursing involves a nurse reflecting on their own culture and on the legitimacy of others cultures in the context of the nursing care they provide (Mortensen, 2010). Belfrage (2007) notes that cultural safety underpins the provision of the most effective health practice and systems for diverse groups in Australia. This is particularly true in the context of refugee health. The United Nations 1951 Refugee Convention, Article 1(A)2, defines a refugee as any person residing outside their country of nationality or residence due to fear of persecution (UNHCR, 2015). As a signatory to this Convention Australia has an obligation to assist with the resettlement of refugees, including a special category of refugees referred to women at risk (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2015; Parliament of Australia, 2015b). In 2013-14, Australia resettled a total of 6500 refugees, approximately 3.2% of its total migrant intake (Parliament of Australia, 2015b). The majority of these refugees were from Afghanistan (39%), with significant numbers also from Myanmar (18%) and Iraq (13%) (Parliament of Australia, 2015b). In response to the Syrian refugee crisis, in 2015-16 Australia will significantly increase its intake of refugees within existing humanitarian quotas (Parliament of Australia, 2015a). Under the Migration Regulation 1994 Australia allocates 12% of its humanitarian quota to women at risk, and in 2013-14 granted over 1000 visas to women at risk (Parliament of Australia, 2015b). This program highlights the fact that r efugee women are particularly vulnerable to the effects of conflict and persecution (Federal Minister for Women, 2014). Refugees in general, and refugee women in particular, have unique and diverse health profiles (Hadgkiss Renzaho, 2014: p. 157). Though refugees make up a very small part of the overall Australian population, it is essential that nurses are aware of refugees health needs and their complex sociocultural determinants if culturally safe health care is to be provided. In a seminal work on refugee health in Australia (examining the health of refugee children specifically), Davidson et al. (2004) report that a significant number of refugees arrive in Australia with complex health needs. The psychological issues experienced by refugees are well-recognised. Exposure to trauma leaves many refugees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" up to 60% in one Australian study à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with complex psychological sequelae, including impairments to memory function and debilitating dissociat ive reactions (Alvin Tay et al., 2013). Nickerson et al. (2014) reports that up to 25% of refugees receive a psychological diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and 16% of these people also have disorders related to grief. Costa (2007) highlights that refugee women in particular face an increased risk of psychological morbidity related to trauma underpinned by conflict, persecution and forced resettlement. For example, one study found that the gender discrimination experienced by a large number of refugee women is positively correlated with increased incidence of traumatic disorders (including PTSD) and increased risk of suicidality (Kira et al., 2010). It is important to note that issues related to gender, including roles and access, may also limit a refugee womans health-seeking behaviours related to mental illness (OMahony Donnelly, 2013). In addition to mental illness, a large number of refugees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" up to 77% in some reports à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" al so experience physical illness; indeed, Hadgkiss and Renzaho (2014) note that poor mental health is strongly correlated with poor physical health in refugee populations. Physical illnesses which are particularly prevalent in refugee populations include dental disease, non-specific migraine, musculoskeletal pain and disorders of the integumentary, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems (Hadgkiss Renzaho, 2014). There is also a high prevalence of infectious disease in refugee populations, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), active tuberculosis, Hepatitis B and C and chronic gastrointestinal infections (Hadgkiss Renzaho, 2014). Costa (2007) notes that refugee women are disproportionately affected by nutritional deficiencies and anaemia, and a sequelae of physical and psychological issues related to gender-based violence. Refugee women experience higher rates of complex gynaecological and obstetric conditions, are more likely to have been sexually assaulted and are more li kely to have had an unwanted pregnancy and / or abortion than other women in host countries (Goosen et al., 2009; Kurth et al., 2010). The myriad of complex health issues faced by refugees highlights the importance of host countries health systems being responsive to refugees health needs through the provision of culturally safe care and services. However, there is evidence to suggest this is not being achieved in the Australian context; indeed, Johnstone and Kanitsaki (2007) conclude that cultural safety is both poorly understood and lacks currency in Australias mainstream health contexts (Johnstone Kanitsaki, 2007). This leads to culturally unsafe nursing practices. The Nursing Council of New Zealand (2002: p. 7) define this as compris[ing] any action which diminishes, demeans or disempowers the cultural identity and wellbeing of an individual, either overtly and intentionally or otherwise. There are many examples of culturally unsafe practice relating to refugees in the Au stralian context. For example, many refugees, both in Australia and elsewhere, perceive themselves to be discriminated against by health staff in their host countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a key aspect of culturally unsafe practice. Multiple studies report on such issues à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" including refugees perceptions of denial or provision of poorer-quality care on the basis of race and / or immigration status (Bhatia Wallace, 2007; ODonnell et al., 2007; ODonnell et al., 2008; Wahoush, 2009; Bernardes et al., 2010; Kokanovich Stone, 2010; Asgary Segar, 2011). This is particularly problematic in terms of the provision of mental health services for refugees in Australia; indeed, Newman et al. (2008) highlight that Australian health workers frequently devalue and deligitimise refugees experiences of mental illness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for example, by dismissing the self-harm behaviours of refugees in immigration detention as being politically-motivated. Hadgkiss and Renzaho (2014) re port a high level of medical mistrust among refugee populations, underpinned by issues such as a fear of financial exploitation and that health information will be used to inform decisions about asylum status (Kokanovic Stone, 2010; Asgary Segar, 2011). Covert institutional racism is recognised to be a significant problem in Australian health settings, and this is underpinned by the prejudicial and discriminative attitudes towards refugees which are pervasive in wider Australian society (Henry et al., 2004; Davidson et al., 2008; Johnstone Kanitsaki, 2008). This systemic trauma compounds the health issues of refugees settled in Australia, and is a particular problem for women. Indeed, one Australian study found that women with vulnerabilities related to social adversity were substantially more likely to experience inequalities in health access (in this study, in the context of perinatal care specifically) (Yelland et al., 2012). In addition to culturally unsafe nursing practic es, the provision of culturally unsafe health services is a particular problem for refugees in Australia. As noted by Renzaho et al. (2013) the health systems in host countries are often poorly-equipped to manage the complex health, linguistic and cultural needs of refugee populations (Renzaho et al., 2013). It is well-recognised that Australias mainstream biomedical health system is highly Eurocentric, disempowering because of its exclusivity and repressive of the fundamental social dimensions of health (Willis Elmer, 2007). Additionally, the biomedical model of health may be incompatible with refugees diverse perceptions of health, focusing instead on a limited pathological definition of disease and a reductionist distinction between physical and mental health (Willis Elmer 2007). Again, this is particularly problematic in terms of the provision of refugee mental health services; for example, Savy Sawyer (2008) present evidence for the considerably limited culturally safe treat ment options in Australia for refugees suffering acute mental illness. These issues may result in refugees exclusion from or disengagement with health services (Correa-Velez et al., 2013). Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that refugees engagement with health services is poor; in a European study, Bischoff et al. (2009) found that refugees attend far fewer than the average number of consultations, and that their cost to the health system of their host country was just half that of others in host countries. There is minimal current data available on the engagement of refugee women specifically with health services; however, one study suggests that refugee women are 40% less likely than other women in host countries to attend health screening (in this case for Papanicolaou testing, a common screen for cervical cancer) (Rogstad Dale, 2004). Refugees exclusion from and disengagement with health services feeds into the cycle of poor physical and mental health outcomes in this populat ion. Woods (2010) notes that nurses have a critical role to play in deconstructing the power imbalances which exist between patients and health providers, and which often result in the provision of culturally unsafe care à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" thereby promoting refugees access to and engagement with health services in a culturally safe way. The Nursing Council of New Zealand (2002: p. 7) highlights that culturally safe nursing practice is underpinned by nurses hav[ing] undertaken a process of reflection on [their] cultural identity and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ recognis[ing] the impact that [their] personal culture has on [their] professional practice. Here, the notion of culture extends beyond the traditional definition of the term as a system of worldviews, value systems and lifestyles based on shared race or ethnicity, and instead culture is considered as a complex, changing concept underpinned by factors such as individual experiences, gender and social position, etc. (Woods, 2010). It is important to note that achieving culturally safe nursing is an ongoing process of continuous reflection (Ogunsiji et al. 2007). Given the covert but pervasive negative views of refugees in Australian health systems and wider society (Henry et al., 2004; Davidson et al., 2008; Johnstone Kanitsaki, 2008), reflecting on ones own culture in this way is a particularly important aspect of providing culturally safe health care to refugees. In addition to reflecting on their own culture, a nurse must also reflect on the cultures of others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" but should do so in the context of cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is a sociological theory which posits that all cultures are, and therefore must be recognised as, equally valid and legitimate forms of human expression (Kottak, 2004). Cultural relativism is particularly important when caring for refugees, including refugee women, who engage in unfamiliar and challenging health practices, one example of which is ritualised g enital cutting (also referred to as female genital mutilation). Many refugee women from parts of Africa and the Middle East perceive genital cutting to be an important cultural practice and fundamental to their identity, role and beliefs, however the mainstream biomedical health system in Australia denounces and reproves the practice (Ogunsiji et al. 2007). If such issues are not dealt with sensitively and approaches à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" from both nurses and the health system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" balanced through the application of principles of cultural relativism, refugee women may disengage from health services (Ogunsiji et al. 2007). As noted, disengagement drives the cycle of poor physical and mental health outcomes for refugees in Australia. Australia has a large refugee population which is predicted to increase significantly in the coming years. Refugees in general, and refugee women in particular, have distinctive and diverse health needs which require complex and conscientio us responses from nurses and health systems. In the context of nursing refugee women in Australia, this paper has explored the need for cultural safety in nursing. It has also analysed the negative impacts of culturally unsafe nursing practices and health systems in Australia on refugees, with a focus on refugee women. Finally, it was discussed how culturally safe nursing practice can (and should) be achieved in Australia to improve the health outcomes of refugee women and others of diverse backgrounds. References Alvin Tay, K, Frommer, N, Hunter, J, Silove, D, Pearson, L, Roque, MS et al. 2013, A mixed-method study of expert psychological evidence submitted for a cohort of asylum seekers undergoing refugee determination status in Australia, Social Science Medicine, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 106-115. Anderson, J, Perry, J, Blue, G, Browne, A, Henderson, A, Khan, KB et al. 2003, Rewriting cultural safety within the postcolonial and postnational feminist project: Toward new epistemologies of healing, Advances in Nursing Science, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 196-214. Asgary, R Segar, N 2011, Barriers to health care access among refugee asylum seekers, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 506-522. Australian Law Reform Commission 2015, Refugee law: Refugee law in Australia, viewed 30 September, https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/22-refugee-law/refugee-law-australia-0 Belfrage, M 2007, Why culturally safe health care?, Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 186, n o. 10, pp. 537-538. Bernardes, D, Wright, J, Edwards, C, Tomkins, H Difoz, D 2010, Asylum seekers perspectives on their mental health and views on health and social services: Contributions for service provision using a mixed-methods approach, International Journal of Migrant Health Social Care, vol. 6, no 4, pp. 3-19. Bhatia, R Wallace, P 2007, Experiences of refugees and asylum seekers in general practice: A qualitative study, BMC Family Practice, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 48-58. Bischoff, A, Denhaerynck, K, Schneider, M, Battegay, E Sendi, P 2009, Do asylum seekers consume more health care resources? Some evidence from Switzerland. Pharmacoeconomics Health Economics Journal, vol. 1, no, 1, pp. 3-8. Correa-Velez, I, Spaaij, R Upham, S 2013, We are not here to claim better services than any other: Social exclusion among men from refugee backgrounds in urban and regional Australia, Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 163-170. Costa, D 2007, Health care of re fugee women, Australian Family Physician, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 151-154. Davidson, N, Skull, S, Chaney, G, Frydenberg, A, Jones, C, Isaacs et al. 2004, Comprehensive health assessment for newly arrived refugee children in Australia, Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, vol. 40, no. 9-10, pp. 562-568. Davidson, G, Murray, K Schweitzer, R 2008, Review of refugee mental health and wellbeing: Australian perspectives, Australian Psychologist, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 160-174. Federal Minister for Women 2014, SSI women at risk forum, retrieved 30 September 2015, https://minister.women.gov.au/media/2014-07-11/ssi-women-risk-forum Goosen, S, Uitenbroek, D, Wijsen, C Stronks, K 2009, Induced abortions and teenage births among asylum seekers in The Netherlands: Analysis of national surveillance data, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 528-533. Hadgkiss, EJ Renzaho, AM 2014, The physical health status, service utilisation and barriers to accessing care for asylum seekers residing in the community: A systematic review of the literature, Australian Health Review, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 142-159. Henry, BR, Houston, S Mooney, GH 2004, Institutional racism in Australian healthcare: A plea for decency, Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 180, no. 10, pp. 517-520. Johnstone, MJ Kanitsaki, O 2007, An exploration of the notion and nature of the construct of cultural safety and its applicability to the Australian health care context, Journal of Transcultural Nursing, vol. 18, no. 3, pp 247-256. Johnstone, MJ Kanitsaki, O 2008, Cultural racism, language prejudice and discrimination in hospital contexts: An Australian study, Diversity in Health Social Care, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 19-30. Kira, IA, Smith, I, Lewandowski, L Thomas, T 2010, The effects of gender discrimination on refugee torture survivors: A cross-cultural traumatology perspective, Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 299-306. Kokanovic, R Stone, M 2010, Doctors and other dangers: Bosnian refugee narratives of suffering and survival in Western Australia, Social Theory Health, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 350-369. Kottak, C 2004, Anthropology: The exploration of human diversity (10th edn.), McGraw Hill, New York. Kurth, E, Jaeger, FN, Zemp, E, Tschudin, S Bischoff, A 2010, Reproductive health care for asylum-seeking women: A challenge for health professionals, BMC Public Health, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 659-672. Mortensen, A 2010, Cultural safety: Does the theory work in practice for culturally and linguistically diverse groups?, Nursing Praxis in New Zealand, vol. 26, no, 3. pp. 6-16. Newman, LK, Dudley, M Steel, Z 2008, Asylum, detention and mental health in Australia, Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 110-127. Nickerson, A, Liddell, BJ, McCallum, F, Steel, Z, Silove, D Bryant, R 2014, Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss, BMC Psychi atry, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 106-126. Nursing Council of New Zealand 2002, Guidelines for cultural safety, the treaty of Waitangi, and Maori health in nursing and midwifery education and practice, viewed 30 September 2015, https://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/Publications/Standards-and-guidelines-for-nurses ODonnell, CA, Higgins, M, Chauhan, R Mullen, K 2007, They think were OK and we know were not: A qualitative study of asylum seekers access, knowledge and views to health care in the UK, BMC Health Services Research, no. 7, vol. 1, pp. 75-94. ODonnell, CA, Higgins, M, Chauhan, R Mullen, K 2008, Asylum seekers expectations of and trust in general practice: A qualitative study, British Journal of General Practice, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 557-569. Ogunsiji, OO, Wilkes, L Jackson, D 2007, Female genital mutilation: Origin, beliefs, prevalence and implications for health care workers caring for immigrant women in Australia, Contemporary Nurse, vol. 25, no. 1-2, pp. 22-30. OMaho ny, JM Donnelly, TT 2013, How does gender influence immigrant and refugee womens postpartum depression help-seeking experiences?, Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 714-725. Parliament of Australia 2015a, Australias response to the Syrian refugee crisis, viewed 30 September, https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2015/September/Syrian_refugees Parliament of Australia 2015b, Refugee resettlement in Australia: What are the facts?, viewed 30 September, https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/RefugeeResettlement Renzaho, A, Polonsy, M, McQuilten, Z Waters, N 2013, Demographic and socio-cultural correlates of medical mistrust in two Australian states: Victoria and South Australia, Health Place, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 216-224 Rogstad, KE Dale, H 2004, What are the needs of asylum seekers attending an STI clinic and are they s ignificantly different from those of British patients?, International Journal of STD AIDS, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 515-518. Savy, P Sawyer, A 2009, Risk, suffering and competing narratives in the psychiatric assessment of an Iraqi refugee, Culture, Medicine Psychiatry, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 84-101. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 2015, The 1951 Refugee Convention, viewed 30 September, https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html Wahoush, EO 2009, Equitable health care access: The experience of refugee and refugee claimant mothers with an ill preschooler, Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 186-206. Willis, K Elmer, S 2007, Society, culture and health: An introduction to sociology for nurses, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Woods, M 2010, Cultural safety and the socioethical nurse, Nursing Ethics, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 715-725. Yelland, JS, Sutherland, GA Brown, SJ 2012, Womens experience of discrimination in Australian perinata l care: The double disadvantage of social adversity and unequal care, Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 211-220.

Heats of Formation Table for Cations and Anions

The molar heat of formation or standard enthalpy of formation is the change in enthalpy when 1 mole of a substance is formed from its elements under standard state conditions. The standard enthalpy change of formation is the sum of the heats of formation of the products of a reaction minus the sum of the heats of formation of the reactants. Molar Heat of Formation These are molar heats of formation for anions and cations in aqueous solution. In all cases, the heats of formation are given in kJ/mol at 25Â °C for 1 mole of the ion. Cations Hf (kJ/mol) Anions Hf (kJ/mol) Ag+ (aq) +105.9 Br- (aq) -120.9 Al3+ (aq) -524.7 Cl- (aq) -167.4 Ba2+ (aq) -538.4 ClO3- (aq) -98.3 Ca2+ (aq) -543.0 ClO4- (aq) -131.4 Cd2+ (aq) -72.4 CO32- (aq) -676.3 Cu2+ (aq) +64.4 CrO42- (aq) -863.2 Fe2+ (aq) -87.9 F- (aq) -329.1 Fe3+ (aq) -47.7 HCO3- (aq) -691.1 H+ (aq) 0.0 H2PO4- (aq) -1302.5 K+ (aq) -251.2 HPO42- (aq) -1298.7 Li+ (aq) -278.5 I- (aq) -55.9 Mg2+ (aq) -462.0 MnO4- (aq) -518.4 Mn2+ (aq) -218.8 NO3- (aq) -206.6 Na+ (aq) -239.7 OH- (aq) -229.9 NH4+ (aq) -132.8 PO43- (aq) -1284.1 Ni2+ (aq) -64.0 S2- (aq) +41.8 Pb2+ (aq) +1.6 SO42- (aq) -907.5 Sn2+ (aq) -10.0 Zn2+ (aq) -152.4 Reference: Masterton, Slowinski, Stanitski, Chemical Principles, CBS College Publishing, 1983.

Marketing Paln - 7194 Words

2009 MARKETING PLAN Dominic Darbyshire Group 12 Thai Ngoc Minh Chau-s3210023 Le Ngoc Kim Ngan-s3192837 Thai Thi Hong Nhung-s3193525 Le Anh Tai-s3192453 Le Nguyen Hong Van-s3210260 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 II. INTRODUCTION 4 III. SITUATION ANALYSIS 5-10 1. Macro Environment 5-7 2. Micro Environment 8-10 IV. SWOT ANALYSIS 11-13 V. OBJECTIVE 14 VI. SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND POSITIONNING 15-19 1. Market segmentation 15 2. Market targeting 16 3. Market positioning 16-17 * Position map 18-19 VII. MARKETING MIX STRATEGY 20-33 1. Product Strategy 20-22 2. Price Strategy 23-25 3. Place Strategy 26-27 4. Promotion Strategy†¦show more content†¦However, in 1971, the business incorporated under name of Esprit De Corp. and had seven product lines when they met Michael Ying. Nowadays, it appears in more than 50 countries and has 12 production lines, included for men, women and kids to increase sales and maintain its sustainable development. Esprit has been become one of the most strong and successful brand not only in Asian fashion industry but also in other areas. Actually, it has more than 640 freestanding stores and over 12,000 wholesale cust omers which increase year by year. Esprit came to Vietnam in 2007 which was first store at Hanoi capital and expands itself in Ho Chi Minh City too. Their cloths have attracted Vietnamese customers because of its features, refined color and variety of types. Now, Esprit is also the one that is popular and favorite’s clothes of many young Vietnamese customers. On the other hand, because looking at potential fashion industry in Vietnam, the numbers of international firms and homemade companies increase steadily such as Levi s, Timberland, Mango, GUESS, Giordano, JEANSWEST, Bossini, Miss Sixty amp; Energie, United Color of Benetton have joined and gain market share. Therefore, in this top competition, to survive, maintain and succeed in this business, Esprit has to analysis its situation and use the marketing strategies mix in possibleShow MoreRelatedA Critical Study On Marketing Planning4038 Words   |  17 Pages Title: A Critical study on Marketing Planning Module Name: Marketing Planning Student Name: Sad Uddin Student ID: Lcc20135522 Date of Submission: 07/07/2014 Executive Summary: Today it is said that customer is the king of new business world. It is consider customers are the key place in new business. Global business process is always changing for only one reason is customer. Customer’s interest is influenced by various factors such as environment, culture, technology and soRead MoreThe At The Gym Or Wellness Club Essay2761 Words   |  12 Pagesimpractical for one specialist to visit each site, so we can make a group of these wellbeing specialists. Case in point to cover entire wellington locale which has 10 jetts, there would be need of 2 specialists to cover each site once in a week. Marketing Strategy 1) Ansoff theory: -The reason this hypothesis is to help administrators to develop business through new or existing items in new or existing business. A percentage of the showcasing systems that flies take after are as per the following:Read MoreSample Resume : Supply Chain3026 Words   |  13 Pagesnot atempeted by SCOR, the BP activity is not described by SCOR.It inclues: sales and marketing demaid or demand generating concept research and rechonology dev concept product dev prost delivery customer support0. Basic mangement process: All the pcoess are related to the planning, plan- source -make deliver-return provide the organizational studure of the scor model Scopes of Basic Management Process: paln, pallning is tool to maintain. source: deliver: delivery of products to the customerRead More operation management3727 Words   |  15 Pagesaccount or not. Customers choose 1 if they have an existing account or choose 2 if they want to open a new account. Customers wait for the service representative to open a new account if they choose 2. Next,customers choose between the options of marketing an order, canceling an order, or talking to a customer representative for questions and/or complaints. If customers choose to make an order, then they specify the order type as book or a music CD, and a specialized customer representative for books

Analysis Of Hernandez V. Texas - 1317 Words

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Jem Quotes In To Kill A Mockingbird - 1328 Words

In To Kill A Mockingbird, Atticus, the father of Jem and Jean, has taken the position of giving Jem and Jean valuable lessons, whether what they are in. One of those lessons, was Jem being a gentleman; Jem was taught by him by promptly going to Mrs. Duboses house and read for a month - after wrecking her garden -, she had met her demise with little to no agony from her morphine addiction, because of Jem; he went to her house and read to her, that consequently had her head assuage of doing morphine. When Atticus announced him that she was deceased minutes ago, he said that she was a great lady, and he was perplexed about why he called her a great lady after the slander he received. Anything else than the main idea, the main theme was†¦show more content†¦He then does her a consideration that if she hears some â€Å"ugly talk at school,† then â€Å"just hold your head high and keep those fists down.† Along with that significant consideration, she went to the schoolyard, saw Cecil, he declared that Atticus is an n-lover and additionally said about Tom Robinson as a disgrace and necessarily wants him dead directly to her. What she had done next is she had her head up, and her fists down, and stepped away from Cecil. As a result, Atticus had effectively taught Jean to just talk it out rather than fighting it out when it comes to personal occupation. In the title â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† the title didn’t make any sense whatsoever, it was clear what it meant for Maycomb County as Atticus told Jem and Jean about it. In the beginning of Chapter 10, Jem and Jean were considering that Atticus never done anything interesting or anything dynamic, however, work at the office; that showed Jem and Jean felt ashamed comparing other students’ dads. Then, Jem and Jean were granted air rifles from Atticus, although never taught them aiming lessons, Jack did; Atticus said that he wasn’t interested in guns. Although he taught both Jem and Jean about shooting at and the consequence of shooting a Mockingbird, as it’s a sin. Jean went to Miss Maudie about the legitimate consequence of shooting a mockingbird is a sin. She told herShow MoreRelatedQuotes To Kill A Mockingbird1096 Words   |  5 Pagessaid. ‘Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat up people’s gardens, don’t nest in corncribs, they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it is a sin to kill a mockingbird.’ † (Lee 119) This symbolic and significant statement is found being spoken by Miss Maudie, a neighbor Jem and Scout were extremely fond of. Throughout the entire book, these incredible words find themselves thought of constantly by the reader. The mockingbird MissRead MoreAnalyse How the Theme of Courage Is Presented Within to Kill a Mockingbird1092 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyse how the theme of courage is presented within To Kill A Mockingbird Courage is the quality of mind that enables one to face danger with confidence, resolution, and gain a firm control of oneself. Harper Lee’s ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ tells the story of an alleged rape case in a southern small town, in the eyes of a young girl named, Scout. The theme courage is presented many times in the novel and there are numerous examples of it. Atticus is one of the main characters in the novel and portraysRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Character Analysis1557 Words   |  7 Pagessomething that you start. In the book â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† By Harper Lee,   Many characters show the trait of courage throughout the book. It also shows many important parts of the book through these quotes that are shown. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper lee Atticus shows the trait of courage a lot in the book.   The next two quotes are ones that show that Jen is a person in the novel that shows the trait of courage when he tried to find boo.   these quotes are ones that show that Dill has courageRead MoreComparative Essay-to Kill a Mockingbird and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings1065 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† by Maya Angelou and Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† can be seen as mockingbirds that have flown over fields of prejudice and repeat what they have seen for all to hear. Jem Finch, a young boy and lawyer’s son from â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† clearly symbolizes a mockingbird because of his youth and innocence, and because of his innocence he cannot fully understand the racism in the story. Jem also has many similarities to the caged and free birds in â€Å"I Know WhyRead MoreTheme Of Innocence In To Kill A Mockingbird1374 Words   |  6 Pages Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is best known as a literary classic, telling the tale of a young girl named Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch’s childhood in a southern Alabama town during the great depression. While the fate of a black male convicted of rape still looms in the synopsis. To Kill a Mockingbird the title of the novel, refers to a quote on page 119. Both said by Atticus Finch the town of Maycombs lawyer and Miss Maudie his neighbor, â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird†. As said by Miss MaudieRead MoreInequality In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay1241 Words   |  5 PagesGender inequality and race inequality are similar and different in that they are both unjust, however race inequality plays a more prominent unjust theme in the time and setting of To Kill a Mockingbird. Both black people and women dealt with stereotypes, like being a woman associated with being useless, a gossip, and delusional and being a black person meant you are uneducated. These stereotypes led to the word â€Å"female† or â€Å"n*gger† or black an offensive term. These connotations made being a womanRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Analysis788 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Remember, it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird,† (Lee 119). In To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, this is the quote that Atticus, one of the main characters, says to his kids. Atticus is a lawyer who takes on a tough case in his town, Maycomb. His kids are Scout, and Jem. Throughout the book, they grow and mature. They don’t mess around with their neighbor, Boo, as much as they used to. But, luckily because of him, they live to see the next day. In To Kill a Mockingbird, it shows that because ofRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1656 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do any harm but make music for us †¦ that’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird†, is a famous quote from the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Atticus, the father of the main character Scout, says this to her and her brother Jem when they receive rifles for Christmas. This book is considered a classic due to the allegory between the book title and the trial that occurs about halfway through the book. In the beginning of To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout is six. She is an innocentRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Analysis874 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"‘Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit’em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird’† (Lee 119). The meaning of the quote is mockingbirds dont do anything but, sing for us to enjoy. Mockingbirds only want to bring happiness in the world like some characters in To Kill A Mockingbird. Harper Lee stated this quote in the book to get us thinking about how Atticus Finch, Tom Robinson, and Boo Radley are mockingbirds. Tom Robinson just wanted to help Mayella Ewell but, got accused of raping

Kiva Instead Free Essays

Instead, informal systems and relationships, including loans from neighbors or relatives, and rotating savings/ credit clubs, have filled this gap. While such solutions have worked for some and are often the only option available, they can be inconsistent and unreliable during times of tremendous need. In addition, poor entrepreneurs can become trapped in vicious cycles of borrowing from local moneylenders, who may demand exorbitant interest rates. We will write a custom essay sample on Kiva Instead or any similar topic only for you Order Now Traditionally, banks were unwilling to provide loans to poor entrepreneurs due to the perceived risk. Common concerns included the fact that the unbanked were often illiterate, had no collateral, no prior credit history, and were not employed by anyone other than themselves. However, in 1976, Muhammad Yunus, seen by many s the visionary behind the microfinance movement, bucked conventional wisdom and loaned the equivalent of $27 of his own money to 1 This section is excerpted and modified from the Stanford 6SB case: Equity Bank (A), case no. E-260. Bethany Coates prepared this case under the supervision of Professor Garth Saloner as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright 2008 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, e-mail the Case Writing Office at: cwo@gsb. stanford. du or write: Case Writing Office, Stanford Graduate School of Business, 518 Memorial Way, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5015. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means † electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or 0th the Stantord Graduate School of Business. Kiva E-288 erwise wit hout the permission ot some poor craftsmen in Jobra, Bangladesh. After all of the borrowers repaid, he repeated the experiment with more villages, and over the years, grew his series of xperiments into a multibillion dollar bank that has provided small loans to over 5 million people worldwide. Years later, Yunus noted, â€Å"At Grameen, we don’t have any legal instrument between the lender and the borrower†¦. Everybody asks, What will happen if nobody pays back? I say, ‘But everybody pays back, so why should I worry about Grameen Bank charged 20 percent interest and reinvested all but 10 percent of earnings back into its operations. As Grameen grew, other leading microfinance institutions (MFIs), including ACCION International and Opportunity International, began to emerge and based their work on the same old ideas as Yunus: that the poor could reliably repay their loans, with interest, and could use the profits to grow their businesses. Mission-driven, nonprofit MFIs also entered the market. These organizations tended to pursue very rural or otherwise unreachable clients, even at great cost. They were able to provide financial services, including credit, tailored to the unique needs and limitations of the poor. How to cite Kiva Instead, Papers

The Contract Law

Question: As a surprise for his wife, Lisa (who was away on a lengthy trip), Oliver Douglas wished to have an addition built on to their bedroom. Douglas therefore retained the Monroe Brothers to do the work. The parties' contract called for Douglas to pay the Monroe Brothers $12,000 upon completion of the addition. They completed the job during a week of favorable, non-windy weather, but before they had time to collect from Douglas, the walls of the addition collapsed. After attending a party where he had consumed a large quantity of alcohol Douglas called upon the Monroe Brothers to remedy the situation, but they refused to do so unless Douglas agreed to their proposal that he would pay them an additional $2,500 (over and above the contract amount) to compensate them for the work involved in putting the walls up again. Because Lisa was coming home soon and he wanted to surprise her, Douglas promised to pay the additional $2,500. After the Monroe Brothers put up the walls again, Douglas paid them $12,000 but refused to pay anything more. The Monroe Brothers have sued him for the additional $2,500. Should they win their lawsuit? Why or why not? Answer: The law under question here is the contract law. As per the situation there is a situation where it was agreed that $2500 will be paid more if the work is completed and that needs to be paid. The parties under contract are Douglas and Monroe Brothers. The contract was established and after the repair work was carried out it was scene that additional $2500 was not paid by Douglas. This is where it was failure of contract with the company and there is a need to pay up. An agreement is a composed or communicated understanding between two gatherings to give an item or administration. There are basically six components of an agreement that make it a lawful and tying archive. The contract was established and after the repair work was carried out it was scene that additional $2500 was not paid by Douglas. This is where it was failure of contract with the company and there is a need to pay up. An agreement is a composed or communicated understanding between two gatherings to give an item or administration. As per the situation there is a situation where it was agreed that $2500 will be paid more if the work is completed and that needs to be paid. The parties under contract are Douglas and Monroe Brothers. The contract was established and after the repair work was carried out it was scene that additional $2500 was not paid by Douglas.