Back to the Dreamtime : Relationship of Richard and Joe

The two principle characters that I pick were Richard and Joe. Joe was the dad to Richard. Richard was received by the McDonalds and lives respectively with his sibling and sister and their names are Tom and Judy and his mom who called Sonya. Richard was a young Aboriginal raise in white Australian culture. Richard consistently get a fantasy about a soul calling him and provide him a few scenes or guidance to accomplish something, yet he can’t comprehend what the message attempting to be do by the dream.Furthermore, Richard had scored a generally excellent school evaluations and he wish to pick history as his examination one year from now at college. Joe was an excellent dad and householder since he takes an awesome consideration to his relatives. Joe loved holding family gatherings since he accepted they were a decent method to get the family together and talk about things. With respect to models, Joe had assemble for family conference and enlightens the youngsters regarding the tjurunga that they found in the attic.Richard and his dad Joe were having a decent relationship, we can demonstrate this by the circumstance that had been occurred. Richard never drove crazy to his parent on concealing his dad tjurunga from him for being so long. Thusly, he stressed to his parent since he felt his parent was felt liable for the entire circumstance and shaken about this matter.Next, in spite of the fact that Richard was attempting to locate his genuine dad tjurunga and graveyard yet Joe was never can't help contradicting what Richard was intending to do. Joe was completely backing to Richard by offering his input and help to Richard on what he would do. At long last, Richard discovers his father’s cemetery and covers the tjurunga there. Richard additionally discovered his job that he have to record and examination this rich oral culture and save it for people in the future.

Bioenergy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bioenergy - Term Paper Example At the point when backwoods are overseen reasonably, their biodiversity, essentialness, efficiency, and ability to recover both at present and later on is saved. Therefore, the woodlands keep up their ability to perform social, monetary, ecologic capacities without meddling with different environments adversely at the neighborhood, national and worldwide levels. There are a few difficulties to feasible utilization of timberland determined bioenergy sources including the land-use strife and land accessibility in numerous zones (Oko Institut 10). At the point when particular logging is done at a rate that is manageable, the woodland will undoubtedly be rationed. By receiving Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices, for example, building up cushion zones along watersheds and streams, applying current innovations to moderate impacts of log extraction and cautious arranging of the backwoods to forestall woodland infringement by people, the profitability of the timberland will be continued by CBD (Oko Institut, 8). Indeed, even as woodland assets are collected, the manner in which they are utilized decides the how much practical the assets will last. Wood items can be reused to diminish the rate at which backwoods are reaped. Moreover, when agro-woods bi-items and deposits, for example, leaves, husks, shells, and straw are utilized in delivering vitality, the rate at which felling of trees is done can be incredibly diminished. Creating nations have a ton of woodland assets contrasted with created nations as indicated by Tomaselli (V). In this regard, the limit of creating countries to deliver high measures of bioenergy contrasted with created nations. Nonetheless, concerning manageability, the creating nations have far to go. This is thinking about to such an extent that the arrangements initiated by their legislatures with a point of making maintainable advancement are rarely very much executed. Moreover, the advances that they normally use in the creation and utiliz ation of the energies are less effective. In by and large, both created and immature nations have an immense ability to build a lot of woodland bioenergy creation, the previous wanting to benefit from the innovative favorable position that they have. 2. Understanding the expected a. Look into created and less created nations as for the potential for expanding the portion of vitality provided by timberland assets. Both created and creating nations somewhat rely upon woods assets to give vitality utilized in businesses and for local purposes. Notwithstanding, backwoods assets can without much of a stretch get exhausted when utilized in a way that is unreasonable whether in created or immature nations. Timberland inferred bio-vitality in many spots is utilized as fuel wood or charcoal. In created nations, utilizing biofuels including those from backwoods has regularly been viewed as antiquated, its offer in the national economy horribly declining until the period succeeding the oil eme rgency that hit the world during the 1970s. Nonetheless, creation of this sort of vitality has been on the consistent ascent following developing concerns identified with environmental change, and the improvement of new biomass advances among different components. Following a few examinations led on the capability of bioenergy on a worldwide scale mulling over populace, yield and agrarian components, it has been acknowledged Africa and

Understanding strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Understanding vital administration - Essay Example Leaders and supervisors must apply their vital aptitudes during the time spent dealing with an association. Expanding rivalry and changing nature of interest are the two prime purposes for the expanding request of vital administration process in the contemporary world. This paper will endeavor to evaluate an organization by utilizing vital administration instruments and models. The models and apparatuses will be utilized for two proposes for example for ecological checking and for system detailing. Ecological examining will incorporate inside and outer examination. The following area will show the company’s key situation in the market. In light of the examination and discoveries, pertinent methodologies will be suggested. Tesco Plc has been chosen with the end goal of vital administration investigation. Tesco is a UK based organization and is working in the worldwide retail industry. In any case, in this paper, the essential spotlight will be on the UK retail industry. Tesco Plc is a UK based driving retailer. The organization was established by Jack Cohen in 1919. The organization was first recorded in London Stock Exchange in 1947 and it propelled its corporate site (Tesco.com) in 2000 (Tesco Plc-a, 2010). The organization offers a wide scope of item and retailing administration through its various superstores. Tesco offers homes items, quick moving purchaser items, dress, shopper tough, gadgets and so on (Tesco-a, 2010). The most recent yearly report of Tesco revealed that it possesses 4810 stores in the worldwide market and almost 472000 representatives are working with (Tesco Plc-b, 2010). It encountered quick development and after its worldwide extension, the organization turned into the third biggest retailer on the planet after Wal-Mart and Carrefour. The organization has built up its rumored image picture in the market. Uniquely, in UK, the organization has increased an enormous portion of the market (Silverthorne, 2010). Tesco has built up a compelling and proficient key administration methodology in

Bharti Enterprises Essay Example for Free

Bharti Enterprises Essay Guaranteeing that the look and feel of the store is according to rules/measures Ensuring/announcing Inventory and Stock accessibility according to the standards to forestall stock-outs Provide proposals/input to improve store profitability People Development/Team Management: Acting as a guide and mentor for store staff To guarantee day by day roistering preparation to inbound outbound store staff Customer Experience: Manage staff designation dependent on request at point in time Personally step in to deal with requesting clients Provide recommendations for enhancements in CE 4. A. On Diversity and Cultural spread in Africa, As Africa comprises of 53 nations, to work effectively it is essential to comprehend the elements of every nation, remembering contrasts for culture, language and particularly guidelines. Bharti would do well to set up as barely any exiles as could reasonably be expected and have a large portion of its top administration from Africa. b. On Infrastructure sharing and cost/capital issues, The greatest driver of system sharing will be the move in approach of the greatest administrators, who had been reluctant to share system to support upper hand. There is noticeable system partaking in the business sectors of Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa, and this is probably going to get in different markets. c. On Bharti Airtel’s Minute Factor Model, Network sharing and IT redistributing would assist administrators with cutting down expenses. While expenses could slant down, anyway they will be higher than in India on account of a portion of the auxiliary expenses brought about by power lack and poor foundation. 5. Bharti Airtel has a background marked by making first moves and rising as the victor therefore. This is the thing that constructed the company’s achievement in India, where it remains the top MNO and second-biggest fixed-line administrator. Truth be told, on account of the monstrous market it serves at home, at the time it procured the Zain portfolio in March 2010 Airtel was figured to be the fifth biggest versatile administrator on the planet on a relative supporter premise, putting it behind any semblance of China Mobile, Vodafone Group, American Movil and Telefonica, however in front of China Unicom. As has been broadly secured for longer than a year at this point, Airtel has been taking a gander at Africa as another development advertise. While it has an arrangement with Vodafone for the Channel Islands, Africa is the main other domain outside the Indian subcontinent (counting Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) that the organization has entered. The shared traits are convincing: comparable markets, needs and foundation. The real factors on the ground are fairly all the more testing: coordinations, authoritative consistence and genuine neighborhood rivalry being chief. The coordinations of foundation in Africa are an equivalent test for all MNOs. That is guaranteed. Where Airtel may have been excessively hopeful is in trusting its Africa model would run correspondingly to its achievement in India, in view of a first-to-showcase approach and having some influence to defeat authoritative snags. Shockingly, while Airtel has a 30-year history of being first in Quite a while (with pushbutton telephones, cordless telephones and afterward portable), they were not first in Africa. There were significant EU, Middle East and South African players there in front of them. Truth be told, Airtel’s African development is to a great extent on account of its takeover of Kuwait’s Zain versatile tasks in 15 nations. This was a foothold, not a triumph. Zain just held prevailing piece of the pie in a couple of nations. Going toward advertise pioneers, for example, MTN of South Africa, Airtel applied a methodology of broad cost cutting. This followed on what it accomplished in India, giving a break with Ericsson for per-minute expenses (instead of forthright installment) that empowered extremely ease call rates from the start. Airtel has an all-Africa, five-year manage Ericsson for organize the executives that offers comparable points of interest. Somewhere else, Airtel is locked in with Nokia Siemens Networks and Huawei, not keeping all its investments tied up on one place, obviously. As a Plan B, perhaps following on the hesitant result of Airtel’s minimal effort intrusion, the organization has recently been arranging a takeover of or (possibly) a joint endeavor with MTN itself. How this putative arrangement is portrayed relies upon which organization is talking. This has been continuing for approximately four years without a complete consummation. Regardless of whether it never occurs, it is a sign of exactly what Airtel would consider to get its Africa activities really settled.

The Dangers of Obedience to Authority: Writing and Reading Across the Cirriculum

As a youngster growing up, everybody was told â€Å"respect your elders† or â€Å"listen and obey†. As kids develop into adolescents, they begin pushing the limits to see who they truly need to comply. All through adulthood, however individuals have less and less power figures as the years pass by, everybody must obey somebody. Despite the fact that we as a whole have somebody to comply, when does the conscious submission go too far into perilous region? Compliance becomes hazardous when it turns out to be genuinely or intellectually destructive to one’s self or society.Physical maltreatment to one’s self or someone else is perilous, period. What is considerably additionally terrifying is the point at which somebody harms themselves or others because of an authority figure’s direct effect on them. In the notorious therapist, Stanley Milgram’s, analyze, individuals were advised to direct stun to a companion for not responding to an inquiry eff ectively. This test shows the perils of obeying authority. In spite of the fact that the â€Å"peers† were acting, the subjects completely accepted they were really regulating stun to another human being.This demonstrates that the line between aware submission to a power figure and a risky compliance to a dread striking pioneer is crossed when one individual starts or endeavors to harm one’s self or another in light of a frightful commitment put upon them. Some may contend that cops go too far when they utilize â€Å"excessive force† on a culprit since they are harming someone else because of the depiction of their activity by the nearby government. While this is an admirable statement, if an official is compelled to make physical damage somebody, the person has been incited by the guilty party and are just doing their job.Mental or psychological mistreatment is commonly not the primary thing the vast majority consider when they hear the word dutifulness. In spi te of the fact that it is a rare occurrence talked about, mental maltreatment happens frequently when a position figure manhandles their capacity to separate the mental hindrances that one may have so as to get the individual to comply. This strategy was utilized in the â€Å"Stanford Prison Experiment† when the â€Å"guards† started calling the â€Å"prisoners† by their numbers rather than names and conceded admission to the â€Å"privileged cell† so as to keep up command over the detainees. In view of the mental games played by ome authority figures, the line among acquiescence and peril is crossed and can get unsafe to a person’s inconceivably delicate emotional well-being, making them have musings of self destruction or murder. Some may contend that brain games are the most secure and least demanding approach to maintain structure and control when managing an individual of lesser power. Be that as it may, mental fighting, for example, the psych e games that were utilized in the â€Å"Stanford Prison Experiment†, can leave a portion of the most exceedingly terrible scars on an individual because of post awful pressure issue just as wretchedness which can prompt suicide.Obedience to society isn't frequently thought of when managing this specific subject. The intensity of a larger part is as a rule far thought little of. Similarly as appeared in the article â€Å"The Power of Situations† with the line test, a great many people will abrogate their own eyes to accept what they are told the dominant part accepts or thinks. Society can be a destructive element when attempting to impact the majority. This announcement particularly applies when managing young people. For instance, when most young people are in a circumstance where they feel every other person is accomplishing something they know isn't right, they will generally â€Å"go with the flow† and follow what the group does.In an investigation led by th e â€Å"D. A. R. E. † bunch indicated that, while individuals who attempt to constrain youngsters to smoke say â€Å"everyone does it†, in reality just 11% percent of adolescents really smoke. In spite of the fact that high schooler smoking at all isn't acceptable, 11% is far superior to everybody. Some may express that compliance to society is advancing similarity which is useful for our equity framework just as business as usual. In any case, the possibility that everybody must be the equivalent, think the equivalent, and have similar feelings isn't just tragic, yet in addition nips inventive speculation in the bud.Without innovative scholars, how might our reality find in obscurity? Similarity is okay to a degree, yet when it blocks progress, it turns into a threat to society and people in the future. While a due regard and submission ought to be given to power figures, dutifulness that gets unsafe, mentally or truly, to oneself or society when all is said in done, goes too far into the threat zone where it could hurt a genuine individual or the innovative considerations inside that individual.

Council Bluffs

Council Bluffs Council Bluffs, city (1990 pop. 54,315), seat of Pottawattamie co., SW Iowa, on and below bluffs overlooking the Missouri River, opposite Omaha, Nebr.; inc. 1853. It was first settled by whites when the Mormons came in 1846 and dubbed the site Kanesville; when they left in 1852, the settlement was renamed Council Bluffs. An important supply point during the gold rush (1849â€"50), Council Bluffs was made the eastern terminus of the Union Pacific RR in 1863. The city has become an important trade and industrial center for a large agricultural area; casino gambling is also economically important. It has grain elevators, and manufactures include processed foods, metal and wood products, farm equipment, chemicals, and furniture. Among the points of interest in the city are Dodge House, the former home of Gen. G. M. Dodge , founder of the Union Pacific RR; the Lewis and Clark Monument; and the Lincoln Monument, built in honor of Abraham Lincoln's visit to Council Bluffs. Lake Manawa Stat e Park lies within the city limits. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Nursing Refugee Women - Free Essay Example

Australia has a large and expanding population of people from a refugee background à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" referred to as refugees. Refugees in general, and refugee women in particular, have distinctive and diverse health needs which require complex and conscientious responses from nurses and health systems. In the context of nursing refugee women in Australia, this paper will explore the need for cultural safety in nursing. It will then analyse the negative impacts of culturally unsafe nursing practices and health systems in Australia on refugees and refugee women. Finally, it will discuss how culturally safe nursing practice can (and should) be achieved in Australia to improve the health outcomes of refugee women and others of diverse backgrounds. The Nursing Council of New Zealand (2002: p. 7), which developed the concept of cultural safety, defines it as the effective nursing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [care] of a person or family from another culture, [as] determined by that person or family. Fundamentally, culturally safe nursing practice focuses on supporting diverse people to effectively access and engage with mainstream biomedical health systems, and so reducing the high rates of poor physical and psychological mental health outcomes in these populations (Johnstone Kanitsaki, 2007). Culturally safe nursing practice achieves this by attempting to deconstruct the inequitable power relationships between p atients and health providers and systems, which are a significant barrier to health access and engagement for socio-culturally vulnerably groups (Anderson et al., 2003; Woods, 2010). This is achieved through a focus on culture. However, culturally safe practice does not involve nurses learning others cultures; indeed, diversity both between and among cultures is too significant to allow a nurse to do this meaningfully (Woods, 2010). Instead, culturally safe nursing involves a nurse reflecting on their own culture and on the legitimacy of others cultures in the context of the nursing care they provide (Mortensen, 2010). Belfrage (2007) notes that cultural safety underpins the provision of the most effective health practice and systems for diverse groups in Australia. This is particularly true in the context of refugee health. The United Nations 1951 Refugee Convention, Article 1(A)2, defines a refugee as any person residing outside their country of nationality or residence due to fear of persecution (UNHCR, 2015). As a signatory to this Convention Australia has an obligation to assist with the resettlement of refugees, including a special category of refugees referred to women at risk (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2015; Parliament of Australia, 2015b). In 2013-14, Australia resettled a total of 6500 refugees, approximately 3.2% of its total migrant intake (Parliament of Australia, 2015b). The majority of these refugees were from Afghanistan (39%), with significant numbers also from Myanmar (18%) and Iraq (13%) (Parliament of Australia, 2015b). In response to the Syrian refugee crisis, in 2015-16 Australia will significantly increase its intake of refugees within existing humanitarian quotas (Parliament of Australia, 2015a). Under the Migration Regulation 1994 Australia allocates 12% of its humanitarian quota to women at risk, and in 2013-14 granted over 1000 visas to women at risk (Parliament of Australia, 2015b). This program highlights the fact that r efugee women are particularly vulnerable to the effects of conflict and persecution (Federal Minister for Women, 2014). Refugees in general, and refugee women in particular, have unique and diverse health profiles (Hadgkiss Renzaho, 2014: p. 157). Though refugees make up a very small part of the overall Australian population, it is essential that nurses are aware of refugees health needs and their complex sociocultural determinants if culturally safe health care is to be provided. In a seminal work on refugee health in Australia (examining the health of refugee children specifically), Davidson et al. (2004) report that a significant number of refugees arrive in Australia with complex health needs. The psychological issues experienced by refugees are well-recognised. Exposure to trauma leaves many refugees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" up to 60% in one Australian study à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with complex psychological sequelae, including impairments to memory function and debilitating dissociat ive reactions (Alvin Tay et al., 2013). Nickerson et al. (2014) reports that up to 25% of refugees receive a psychological diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and 16% of these people also have disorders related to grief. Costa (2007) highlights that refugee women in particular face an increased risk of psychological morbidity related to trauma underpinned by conflict, persecution and forced resettlement. For example, one study found that the gender discrimination experienced by a large number of refugee women is positively correlated with increased incidence of traumatic disorders (including PTSD) and increased risk of suicidality (Kira et al., 2010). It is important to note that issues related to gender, including roles and access, may also limit a refugee womans health-seeking behaviours related to mental illness (OMahony Donnelly, 2013). In addition to mental illness, a large number of refugees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" up to 77% in some reports à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" al so experience physical illness; indeed, Hadgkiss and Renzaho (2014) note that poor mental health is strongly correlated with poor physical health in refugee populations. Physical illnesses which are particularly prevalent in refugee populations include dental disease, non-specific migraine, musculoskeletal pain and disorders of the integumentary, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems (Hadgkiss Renzaho, 2014). There is also a high prevalence of infectious disease in refugee populations, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), active tuberculosis, Hepatitis B and C and chronic gastrointestinal infections (Hadgkiss Renzaho, 2014). Costa (2007) notes that refugee women are disproportionately affected by nutritional deficiencies and anaemia, and a sequelae of physical and psychological issues related to gender-based violence. Refugee women experience higher rates of complex gynaecological and obstetric conditions, are more likely to have been sexually assaulted and are more li kely to have had an unwanted pregnancy and / or abortion than other women in host countries (Goosen et al., 2009; Kurth et al., 2010). The myriad of complex health issues faced by refugees highlights the importance of host countries health systems being responsive to refugees health needs through the provision of culturally safe care and services. However, there is evidence to suggest this is not being achieved in the Australian context; indeed, Johnstone and Kanitsaki (2007) conclude that cultural safety is both poorly understood and lacks currency in Australias mainstream health contexts (Johnstone Kanitsaki, 2007). This leads to culturally unsafe nursing practices. The Nursing Council of New Zealand (2002: p. 7) define this as compris[ing] any action which diminishes, demeans or disempowers the cultural identity and wellbeing of an individual, either overtly and intentionally or otherwise. There are many examples of culturally unsafe practice relating to refugees in the Au stralian context. For example, many refugees, both in Australia and elsewhere, perceive themselves to be discriminated against by health staff in their host countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a key aspect of culturally unsafe practice. Multiple studies report on such issues à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" including refugees perceptions of denial or provision of poorer-quality care on the basis of race and / or immigration status (Bhatia Wallace, 2007; ODonnell et al., 2007; ODonnell et al., 2008; Wahoush, 2009; Bernardes et al., 2010; Kokanovich Stone, 2010; Asgary Segar, 2011). This is particularly problematic in terms of the provision of mental health services for refugees in Australia; indeed, Newman et al. (2008) highlight that Australian health workers frequently devalue and deligitimise refugees experiences of mental illness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for example, by dismissing the self-harm behaviours of refugees in immigration detention as being politically-motivated. Hadgkiss and Renzaho (2014) re port a high level of medical mistrust among refugee populations, underpinned by issues such as a fear of financial exploitation and that health information will be used to inform decisions about asylum status (Kokanovic Stone, 2010; Asgary Segar, 2011). Covert institutional racism is recognised to be a significant problem in Australian health settings, and this is underpinned by the prejudicial and discriminative attitudes towards refugees which are pervasive in wider Australian society (Henry et al., 2004; Davidson et al., 2008; Johnstone Kanitsaki, 2008). This systemic trauma compounds the health issues of refugees settled in Australia, and is a particular problem for women. Indeed, one Australian study found that women with vulnerabilities related to social adversity were substantially more likely to experience inequalities in health access (in this study, in the context of perinatal care specifically) (Yelland et al., 2012). In addition to culturally unsafe nursing practic es, the provision of culturally unsafe health services is a particular problem for refugees in Australia. As noted by Renzaho et al. (2013) the health systems in host countries are often poorly-equipped to manage the complex health, linguistic and cultural needs of refugee populations (Renzaho et al., 2013). It is well-recognised that Australias mainstream biomedical health system is highly Eurocentric, disempowering because of its exclusivity and repressive of the fundamental social dimensions of health (Willis Elmer, 2007). Additionally, the biomedical model of health may be incompatible with refugees diverse perceptions of health, focusing instead on a limited pathological definition of disease and a reductionist distinction between physical and mental health (Willis Elmer 2007). Again, this is particularly problematic in terms of the provision of refugee mental health services; for example, Savy Sawyer (2008) present evidence for the considerably limited culturally safe treat ment options in Australia for refugees suffering acute mental illness. These issues may result in refugees exclusion from or disengagement with health services (Correa-Velez et al., 2013). Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that refugees engagement with health services is poor; in a European study, Bischoff et al. (2009) found that refugees attend far fewer than the average number of consultations, and that their cost to the health system of their host country was just half that of others in host countries. There is minimal current data available on the engagement of refugee women specifically with health services; however, one study suggests that refugee women are 40% less likely than other women in host countries to attend health screening (in this case for Papanicolaou testing, a common screen for cervical cancer) (Rogstad Dale, 2004). Refugees exclusion from and disengagement with health services feeds into the cycle of poor physical and mental health outcomes in this populat ion. Woods (2010) notes that nurses have a critical role to play in deconstructing the power imbalances which exist between patients and health providers, and which often result in the provision of culturally unsafe care à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" thereby promoting refugees access to and engagement with health services in a culturally safe way. The Nursing Council of New Zealand (2002: p. 7) highlights that culturally safe nursing practice is underpinned by nurses hav[ing] undertaken a process of reflection on [their] cultural identity and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ recognis[ing] the impact that [their] personal culture has on [their] professional practice. Here, the notion of culture extends beyond the traditional definition of the term as a system of worldviews, value systems and lifestyles based on shared race or ethnicity, and instead culture is considered as a complex, changing concept underpinned by factors such as individual experiences, gender and social position, etc. (Woods, 2010). It is important to note that achieving culturally safe nursing is an ongoing process of continuous reflection (Ogunsiji et al. 2007). Given the covert but pervasive negative views of refugees in Australian health systems and wider society (Henry et al., 2004; Davidson et al., 2008; Johnstone Kanitsaki, 2008), reflecting on ones own culture in this way is a particularly important aspect of providing culturally safe health care to refugees. In addition to reflecting on their own culture, a nurse must also reflect on the cultures of others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" but should do so in the context of cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is a sociological theory which posits that all cultures are, and therefore must be recognised as, equally valid and legitimate forms of human expression (Kottak, 2004). Cultural relativism is particularly important when caring for refugees, including refugee women, who engage in unfamiliar and challenging health practices, one example of which is ritualised g enital cutting (also referred to as female genital mutilation). Many refugee women from parts of Africa and the Middle East perceive genital cutting to be an important cultural practice and fundamental to their identity, role and beliefs, however the mainstream biomedical health system in Australia denounces and reproves the practice (Ogunsiji et al. 2007). If such issues are not dealt with sensitively and approaches à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" from both nurses and the health system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" balanced through the application of principles of cultural relativism, refugee women may disengage from health services (Ogunsiji et al. 2007). As noted, disengagement drives the cycle of poor physical and mental health outcomes for refugees in Australia. Australia has a large refugee population which is predicted to increase significantly in the coming years. Refugees in general, and refugee women in particular, have distinctive and diverse health needs which require complex and conscientio us responses from nurses and health systems. In the context of nursing refugee women in Australia, this paper has explored the need for cultural safety in nursing. It has also analysed the negative impacts of culturally unsafe nursing practices and health systems in Australia on refugees, with a focus on refugee women. Finally, it was discussed how culturally safe nursing practice can (and should) be achieved in Australia to improve the health outcomes of refugee women and others of diverse backgrounds. References Alvin Tay, K, Frommer, N, Hunter, J, Silove, D, Pearson, L, Roque, MS et al. 2013, A mixed-method study of expert psychological evidence submitted for a cohort of asylum seekers undergoing refugee determination status in Australia, Social Science Medicine, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 106-115. Anderson, J, Perry, J, Blue, G, Browne, A, Henderson, A, Khan, KB et al. 2003, Rewriting cultural safety within the postcolonial and postnational feminist project: Toward new epistemologies of healing, Advances in Nursing Science, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 196-214. Asgary, R Segar, N 2011, Barriers to health care access among refugee asylum seekers, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 506-522. Australian Law Reform Commission 2015, Refugee law: Refugee law in Australia, viewed 30 September, https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/22-refugee-law/refugee-law-australia-0 Belfrage, M 2007, Why culturally safe health care?, Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 186, n o. 10, pp. 537-538. Bernardes, D, Wright, J, Edwards, C, Tomkins, H Difoz, D 2010, Asylum seekers perspectives on their mental health and views on health and social services: Contributions for service provision using a mixed-methods approach, International Journal of Migrant Health Social Care, vol. 6, no 4, pp. 3-19. Bhatia, R Wallace, P 2007, Experiences of refugees and asylum seekers in general practice: A qualitative study, BMC Family Practice, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 48-58. Bischoff, A, Denhaerynck, K, Schneider, M, Battegay, E Sendi, P 2009, Do asylum seekers consume more health care resources? Some evidence from Switzerland. Pharmacoeconomics Health Economics Journal, vol. 1, no, 1, pp. 3-8. Correa-Velez, I, Spaaij, R Upham, S 2013, We are not here to claim better services than any other: Social exclusion among men from refugee backgrounds in urban and regional Australia, Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 163-170. Costa, D 2007, Health care of re fugee women, Australian Family Physician, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 151-154. Davidson, N, Skull, S, Chaney, G, Frydenberg, A, Jones, C, Isaacs et al. 2004, Comprehensive health assessment for newly arrived refugee children in Australia, Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, vol. 40, no. 9-10, pp. 562-568. Davidson, G, Murray, K Schweitzer, R 2008, Review of refugee mental health and wellbeing: Australian perspectives, Australian Psychologist, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 160-174. Federal Minister for Women 2014, SSI women at risk forum, retrieved 30 September 2015, https://minister.women.gov.au/media/2014-07-11/ssi-women-risk-forum Goosen, S, Uitenbroek, D, Wijsen, C Stronks, K 2009, Induced abortions and teenage births among asylum seekers in The Netherlands: Analysis of national surveillance data, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 528-533. 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